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Roberto de Mattei Christian roots
On 17 March 1861, Italy celebrated its political revolution, which culminated in the destabilization of the pre-unification states and in the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. The political process of national unification, should not be confused with the ideological revolution that accompanied him and that was the Renaissance itself, as it is a mistake to identify concepts that modernity has only confused, such as those of state and nation. The nation is not really a state, but a cultural and moral. The State is the political and institutional organization of a national community.
The geopolitical map of Italy, between the Peace of Lodi in 1454 and Congress Vienna in 1815, offer an image of one nation, united in a variety of different regional states. In the variety of its traditions and ways of life, Italy was, since the Middle Ages, a culturally homogeneous nation, unified culture, art, law and especially the Catholic religion.
Catholicity made it resistant to all forms of nationalism, because it expresses a universal tendency to transcend its geo-politic i. The fields in which Italy gave their best were those less bound by their nature, national in scope, such as music, art, architecture.
The same Italian literature, as noted, was all the more vigorously the more weakly European country. The Italian national identity coincided paradoxically with its universality. Niccolo Machiavelli, in the twelfth chapter of the Discourses on Livy first, pointed out in the Church is mainly responsible for non-Italian unification in the Middle Ages.
Machiavelli was not wrong, but the lack of unification was the political one, in terms of culture and art, the Church not only helped to unify Italy, but to give universal projection of its identity. The greatest of the medieval Popes , Gregory the Great to Gregory VII, defended the libertas ecclesiae, this universal identity threatened by the nationalism of the Lombards and then by the German emperors.
In 1796, Napoleon's army claims to replace traditional Italian identity, founded on the unity of religion and the diversity of regional institutions, a new identity, theoretically derived from the French Revolution. the "real home" was replaced by a homeland "philosophical", that by incorporating the views of the French Revolution, gave the nation the source of all law. The term nation
suffered, such as country, a semantic transformation. The The nation coincided with the republican democracy and became a political paradigm in which everything was subordinated. The Risorgimento word began to spread in the Jacobean period 1796-1799 with an ideological meaning, and even with a religious resonance, indicating the process of rebirth that would have led to the unification of the Italian peninsula. The use of the term is part of the Enlightenment philosophy of history, to proclaim the resurrection of the Italian nation, after centuries of darkness. Similar to the word Revolution and the Renaissance, the Risorgimento word constituted a break with the past tense and a return to a mythical, distant past. The Renaissance was a revolution in this sense, the Italian Revolution, although this term, preferred to the top of the Risorgimento, was abandoned, especially to reassure those who remember the term excesses and the violence that occurred in a time still recently in France. The newspaper of the Count of Cavour,
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